El Hospital de Antequera y la Orden Hospitalaria de San Juan de Dios (1673-1820) / The Antequera Hospital and the Order of San Juan de Dios (1673-1820)

Objetivo principal: realizar un acercamiento a la asistencia sanitaria prestada por la Orden Hospitalaria de San Juan de Dios(OH) en el Hospital de Antequera tras elfracaso de la reunificación hospitalaria del siglo XVII.Metodología: Se han utilizado diversas fuentes documentales princi-palmente procedentes del Archivo Histórico Municipal de Antequera, así como de libros y literatura científica relacionada connuestro tema.Resultados principales: El prestigio que los hospitalarios iban adquiriendo en Andalucía propició que las autoridades municipales dejasen en sus manos la dirección del hospital que estaría a su cargo desde 1673 hasta el procedimiento de exclaustración de inicios del siglo XIX. Se describen las reglas de los hospitalarios que abarcaban aspectos tanto religiosos como sobre atención hospitalaria, recogida esta última en diversos libros de registro.Conclusión principal: La OH se presentó en un principio como la solución para el buen funcionamiento del hospital antequerano. Sin embargo, su gestión siempre fue muy criticada desde ciertos sectores. En su expulsión, a principios del siglo XIX, influyeron las tensiones y conflictos con los que se inició el siglo XIX (AU)

Objective: to approach the health care provided by the Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of God (OH) in the Antequera Hospital after the failure of the hospital reunification in the 17th century. Methods: Various documentary sources have been used, mainly from the Municipal Historical Archives of Antequera, as well as books and scientific literature related to our subject. Results:The prestige that the Hospitallers were acquiring in Andalusia meant that the municipal authorities left the management of the hospital in their hands, which would be in theircharge from 1673 until the procedure of exclaustration at the beginning of the19th century. The rules of the hospitallers are described, covering both religious aspects and hospital care, the latter being recorded in various registry books. Conclusions: The OH was initially presented as the solution for the proper functioning of the Antequera hospital. However, its management was always highly criticised from certain quarters. Its expulsion at the beginning of the 19th century was influenced by the tensions and conflicts at the beginning of the 19th century (AU)

História, crises e tendências da atenção hospitalar pública na Cidade do Rio de Janeiro / History, crises and trends in public hospital care in the City of Rio de Janeiro

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de estudar a evolução da rede hospitalar na Cidade do Rio de Janeiro (CRJ), a forma como foi estruturada no decorrer dos anos e principalmente a adequação dos serviços após a criação do SUS. O estudo abrange o período colonial até o ano de 2020. Foram mensurados dados estatísticos e indicadores relativos ao número de unidades criadas antes e após a existência do SUS, população residente no município do Rio de Janeiro, oferta do número de leitos, internações de alta complexidade e oferta de serviços nas respectivas Áreas Programáticas. Foi realizado um levantamento histórico das unidades contemplando os anos de criação, vínculos e mudanças, assim como os serviços de atendimento nos âmbitos municipal, federal, estadual e unidades privadas. A criação do SUS trouxe novos desafios, novas discussões, a adoção do direito à saúde, além de necessidades relativas a uma nova forma de organização, agora na perspectiva de uma política pública de saúde. Neste sentido, o trabalho apresenta pontos de discussões e normatizações que fizeram parte da construção do sistema e formação da rede de saúde, principalmente na atenção hospitalar. O processo de municipalização das unidades federais, assim como a crise ocorrida em 2005 entre o município e o governo federal também foram elementos de discussão. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, optando-se pela utilização do método quantitativo. Através da pesquisa de dados, foi possível realizar um comparativo do número de unidades criadas e seu respectivo período histórico, assim como a extensão da rede após a criação do SUS. Também foram elencados itens relativos à distribuição dos hospitais nas diferentes áreas da CRJ, número de internações e leitos de alta complexidade, perfil socioeconômico e estimativo populacional. A pesquisa permitiu construção de um perfil com atuais características da rede hospitalar. Através da comparação de dados, foi possível observar que a expansão da rede não acompanhou devidamente a dinâmica populacional, se manteve fundamentalmente concentrada nas áreas do Leste da Cidade (AP 1.0, 2.1 e 2.2), mostrou principalmente as desigualdades na oferta de serviços hospitalares em relação à distribuição da população. As áreas mais populosas com perfil de menor poder aquisitivo, são as mais afetadas. Na pesquisa também foi possível observar a importância da CRJ para outros municípios e estados, considerando que 20% de internações não são de residentes no município. Também foi realizado um levantamento entre as regiões do ERJ, onde novamente a CRJ se destaca frente às demais regiões do Estado. A não adequação da rede hospitalar do SUS constitui a principal observação crítica do trabalho. O presente estudo tem o objetivo de contribuir para uma eventual correção futura, considerando que, a rede não contempla hoje as reais necessidades da população. Sua organização atual afeta principalmente as áreas menos favorecidas economicamente. O que temos hoje é uma insuficiência de planejamento da rede SUS na CRJ, sendo importante despertar uma reflexão sobre a estimativa de crescimento populacional, para que futuramente esta rede possa estar organizada e estruturada de forma a atender a população conforme as diretrizes do SUS. Devemos também considerar a situação dos municípios adjacentes, pois a ausência de estrutura é um dos motivos do deslocamento de usuários em busca de serviços na CRJ.

The present work aims to study the evolution of the hospital network in the City of Rio de Janeiro (CRJ), the way it was structured over the years and especially the adequacy of services after the creation of the SUS. The study covers the colonial period until the year 2020, measuring statistical data and indicators related to the number of units created before and after the existence of SUS, population residing in the city of Rio de Janeiro, supply of the number of beds, high hospital admissions complexity and supply of services in the respective Program Areas. A historical survey of the units was carried out, covering the years of creation, links and changes, as well as the care services at the municipal, federal, state and private units. The creation of the SUS brought new challenges, new discussions, the adoption of the right to health, in addition to needs related to a new form of organization, now in the perspective of a public health policy. In this sense, the work presents some points of discussion, norms that were part of the construction of the system and formation of the health network, especially in hospital care. The process of municipalization of federal units, as well as the crisis that occurred in 2005 between the municipality and the federal government were also elements of discussion. A bibliographic research was carried out and it was decided to use the quantitative method. Through data research, it was possible to compare the number of units created and their respective historical period, as well as the extension of the network after the creation of SUS. Items related to the distribution of hospitals in different areas of the city, number of hospitalizations and beds of high complexity, socioeconomic profile and population estimate were also listed, which allowed a greater understanding of the current characteristics of the hospital network in the City of Rio de Janeiro. Through the comparison of data, it was possible to observe that the expansion of the network did not properly follow the population dynamics, remaining fundamentally concentrated in the eastern areas of the City (AP 1.0, 2.1 and 2.2), mainly showing the inequalities in the offer of hospital services in in relation to population distribution. The most populous areas with a lower purchasing power profile are the most affected. In the research, it was also possible to observe the importance of CRJ for other municipalities and states, considering that 20% of hospitalizations are not residents of the municipality. A survey was also carried out among the regions of the ERJ, where again the CRJ stands out compared to the other regions of the state. The non-adequacy of the SUS hospital network constitutes the main critical observation of the work. The present study aims to contribute to a possible future correction, considering that the network does not currently address the real needs of the population. Its current organization mainly affects economically disadvantaged areas. What we have today is a lack of planning for the SUS network in the CRJ, and it is important to awaken a reflection on the estimate of population growth, so that in the future this network can be organized and structured in order to serve the population according to SUS guidelines. We must also consider the situation of adjacent municipalities, as the lack of structure is one of the reasons for users to travel in search of services in CRJ.

"The Living Monument": The Desegregation of Grady Memorial Hospital and the Changing South.

Grady Memorial Hospital is a pillar of public medical and surgical care in the Southeast. The evolution of this institution, both in its physical structure as well as its approach to patient care, mirrors the cultural and social changes that have occurred in the American South. Grady Memorial Hospital opened its doors in 1892 built in the heart of Atlanta's black community. With its separate and unequal facilities and services for black and white patients, the concept of "the Gradies" was born. Virtually, every aspect of care at Grady continued to be segregated by race until the mid-20th century. In 1958, the opening of the "New Grady" further cemented this legacy of the separate "Gradies," with patients segregated by hospital wing. By the 1960s, civil rights activists brought change to Atlanta. The Atlanta Student Movement, with the support of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., led protests outside of Grady, and a series of judicial and legislative rulings integrated medical boards and public hospitals. Eventually, the desegregation of Grady occurred with a quiet memo that belied years of struggle: on June 1, 1965, a memo from hospital superintendent Bill Pinkston read "All phases of the hospital are on a non-racial basis, effective today." The future of Grady is deeply rooted in its past, and Grady's mission is unchanged from its inception in 1892: "It will nurse the poor and rich alike and will be an asylum for black and white."

Da educação em serviço à educação continuada em um hospital federal / De la educación de servicio a la educación continua en un hospital federal / From in-service education to continuing education in a federal hospital

RESUMO: Objetivo analisar as implicações da Educação em Serviço para o exercício do poder disciplinar dos enfermeiros na criação do serviço de Educação Continuada do Hospital Geral de Bonsucesso (HGB). Método Estudo histórico-social cujas fontes foram documentos escritos e depoimentos orais; utilizada a análise do discurso Foucaultiano. Resultados As atividades da Educação em Serviço no HGB passaram por dois períodos de descontinuidade e foram utilizadas como instrumento de poder disciplinar exercido pelas enfermeiras do hospital, capazes de controlar e organizar o serviço de enfermagem da instituição, fornecendo base para a criação do serviço de Educação Continuada. Conclusão e implicações para a prática a criação da Educação Continuada funcionou como um dispositivo utilizado pelas enfermeiras detentoras de saber e poder para execução do poder disciplinar, capaz de disciplinar e adestrar os funcionários, de forma sutil, evitando atitudes contrárias aos objetivos do serviço de enfermagem, na tentativa de garantir o controle e a qualificação do mesmo. Ao refletir sobre práticas educativas/ educação continuada estimula-se a transformação da assistência a partir das necessidades dos usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), contribuindo, dessa forma, para a qualidade dos serviços de saúde.

RESUMEN: Objetivo Analizar las implicaciones de la Educación en el Servicio para el ejercicio del poder disciplinario de las enfermeras en la creación del servicio de educación continua del Hospital Geral de Bonsucesso (HGB). Método Estudio histórico-social, cuyas fuentes fueron documentos escritos y declaraciones orales; fue utilizado el análisis del discurso Foucaultiano. Resultados Las actividades de Educación en Servicio en el HGB pasaron por dos períodos de discontinuidad y fueron utilizadas como un instrumento de poder disciplinario ejercido por las enfermeras del hospital, capaces de controlar y organizar el servicio de enfermería de la institución, proporcionando la base para la creación del servicio de Educación Continua de la enfermería. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica La creación de la Educación Continua funcionó como un dispositivo utilizado por enfermeras con conocimiento y poder para ejecutar el poder disciplinario, capaz de disciplinar y capacitar sutilmente a los empleados, evitando actitudes contrarias a los objetivos del servicio de enfermería, en un intento de garantizar su control y calificación. Reflexionar sobre las prácticas educativas / educación continua estimula la transformación de la atención basada en las necesidades de los usuarios del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS), contribuyendo así a la calidad de los servicios de salud.

ABSTRACT: Objective To analyze the implications of in-service education for the exercise of disciplinary power of nurses in the creation of the continuing education service of the Hospital Geral de Bonsucesso (HGB). Method Social-historical study, whose sources were written documents and oral statements; Foucauldian discourse analysis was used. Results In-service education activities in the HGB went through two periods of discontinuity and were used as an instrument of disciplinary power exercised by hospital nurses, capable of controlling and organizing the institution's nursing service, providing basis for the creation of the Continuing Education service. Conclusion and implications for practice The creation of Continuing Education functioned as a device used by nurses with knowledge and power to execute disciplinary power, capable of subtly disciplining and training employees, avoiding attitudes contrary to the objectives of the nursing service, in an attempt to ensure its control and qualification. When reflecting on educational practices / continuing education it is stimulated the transformation of care based on the needs of Unified Health System (UHS) users, thus contributing to the quality of health services.

[The Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda Gutiérrez", and the generation of knowledge]. / El Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda Gutiérrez" y la generación del conocimiento.

The history of the Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda Gutiérrez," formerly called Hospital General del Centro Médico Nacional, has been marked by ups and downs, as well as by the development of cutting-edge medical knowledge. In this supplement we show a series of articles, whose authors belong in their entirety to that hospital.

La historia del Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda Gutiérrez", antes denominado Hospital General del Centro Médico Nacional, ha estado marcada por los avatares y por la generación de conocimiento médico de vanguardia. En el presente suplemento se ofrecen una serie de artículos cuyos autores pertenecen en su totalidad a ese hospital.

De los hospitales u hospicios a los modernos institutos nacionales de salud / From the medieval hospitals hospices to modern National public Health Institutes

Resumen: Desde las épocas más antiguas la instalación de hospitales y progresos de la clínica avanzaron pari passu. Hallamos ejemplos de tal aserto tanto en regiones propiamente griegas como en ciudades griegas de ultramar. Así, pues, en el periodo renacentista convergieron en Italia grandes figuras de aquel tiempo: el genial Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) y León Battista Alberti (1404-1472), humanista e innovador de la arquitectura. Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) y los artistas, sus contemporáneos, efectuaron disecciones anatómicas para perfeccionar su arte con el estudio de las formas del cuerpo humano. Los estudios anatómicos florecieron en la Universidad de Padua, impulsados por el flamenco Andreas Wesel, quién enseñó ahí esta disciplina desde 1437 hasta 1543. Los grandes anatomistas italianos del siglo XVI fueron discípulos directos o indirectos del maestro flamenco. Preparados por el estudio riguroso del sustrato anatómico resplandecieron, en el siglo XVII, los estudios concernientes a la función de las estructuras orgánicas ya conocidas. Dicho siglo se inició con la revelación de la circulación sanguínea mayor, por el médico inglés William Harvey, egresado de la Universidad de Padua, y se continuaron con la descripción de la circulación menor o pulmonar por autores antiguos o contemporáneos y de las conexiones periféricas entre el sistema arterial y el venoso (Marcello Malpigni, 1661). Todos estos investigadores, y otros más, eran miembros de la universidad patavina, en donde persistía la influencia benéfica de las enseñanzas de Galileo. En los siglos siguientes, junto con la anatomía normal y la embriología, la anatomía patológica, sistematizada por G.B. Morgagni, se impuso como piedra de toque de la clínica. Y el modelo de los antiguos hospitales evolucionó hacia el de los Institutos nacionales de salud, auspiciados por el maestro Ignacio Chávez.

Abstract: Since the most ancient times, hospital constructions and progresses in the clinical practice advanced pari passu. We can find exampless of this statement in Greek regions as well as in Greek citie overseas. Thus, during the renaissance, great figures ot that time converged in Italy: The genius Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) and Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472), a humanist and innovator of architecture. Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) and his contemporany artists performed anatomical dissection to perfect their art by studying the human body. Anatomical studies flourished at the University of Padua, driven by the Flemish Master. Based on the rigorous study of the anatomical substrate, the studies on the function of the already known organic structures excelled in the XVII century. That century started with the revelation of the major blood circulation by the British physician William Harvey, alumni of the University of Padua, and continued with the description of the minior or pulmonary circulation by ancient or contemporany authors and of the peripheral connections between the arterial and the venous system (Marcelo Malpighi, 1661). All these researchers, and others, were membres of the University of Padua, were the beneficial influence of the teachings of Galileo persisted. In the following centuries, together with the embryological and normal anatomy, the pathological anatomy, systematized by G.B. Morgani, became the cornerstone of the clinical practice. The model of the ancient hospitals evolved to ward the National Institutes of Health in Mexico fostered by Dr. Ignacio Chávez.

The temporal fluctuations and characteristics of psychiatric inpatient admissions in Ireland: data from the HRB's National Psychiatric In-Patient Reporting System.

This paper examines trends in psychiatric inpatient admissions from the 1960s to 2014 and uses data from the National Psychiatric Inpatient Reporting System (NPIRS) to review these trends. In the 1960s the Department of Health began an annual system of reporting on the activities in Irish psychiatric units and hospitals on foot of the recommendations of the Commission of Inquiry on Mental Illness. The National Psychiatric Inpatient Reporting System (NPIRS) was established shortly thereafter and this paper discusses the data from this database contained in these annual activity reports over the last 50 years.

[From the medieval hospitals hospices to modern National public Health Institutes]. / De los hospitales u hospicios a los modernos institutos nacionales de salud.

Since the most ancient times, hospital constructions and progresses in the clinical practice advanced pari passu. We can find exampless of this statement in Greek regions as well as in Greek citie overseas. Thus, during the renaissance, great figures ot that time converged in Italy: The genius Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) and Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472), a humanist and innovator of architecture. Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) and his contemporany artists performed anatomical dissection to perfect their art by studying the human body. Anatomical studies flourished at the University of Padua, driven by the Flemish Master. Based on the rigorous study of the anatomical substrate, the studies on the function of the already known organic structures excelled in the xvii century. That century started with the revelation of the major blood circulation by the British physician William Harvey, alumni of the University of Padua, and continued with the description of the minior or pulmonary circulation by ancient or contemporany authors and of the peripheral connections between the arterial and the venous system (Marcelo Malpighi, 1661). All these researchers, and others, were membres of the University of Padua, were the beneficial influence of the teachings of Galileo persisted. In the following centuries, together with the embryological and normal anatomy, the pathological anatomy, systematized by G.B. Morgani, became the cornerstone of the clinical practice. The model of the ancient hospitals evolved to ward the National Institutes of Health in Mexico fostered by Dr. Ignacio Chávez.

[Philanthropy, privatization, and reform: psychiatric assistance scenarios in the state of Paraná]. / Filantropia, privatização e reforma: cenários da assistência psiquiátrica no estado do Paraná.

The article discusses different psychiatric assistance arrangements in Paraná from the earliest years through today, taking into account the state's unique features and relations with national policies. This assistance was first provided in 1903, when the Hospício Nossa Senhora da Luz philanthropic asylum was founded. It was only in 1954 that Hospital Colônia Adauto Botelho, the state's first public hospital, began operations. In the 1960s, the Paraná government signed agreements with private hospitals for more beds in the interior, accelerating the provision of psychiatric assistance and fostering a privatization approach. This strategy led to the current situation in Paraná, where specialized hospitals are the rule, despite the existence of other facilities foreseen under the psychiatric reform legislation.

Filantropia, privatização e reforma: cenários da assistência psiquiátrica no estado do Paraná / Philanthropy, privatization, and reform: psychiatric assistance scenarios in the state of Paraná

Resumo O artigo discute as diferentes configurações da assistência psiquiátrica no Paraná, dos primeiros anos à contemporaneidade, considerando suas especificidades e relações com as políticas nacionais. A assistência iniciou-se em 1903, com a inauguração do Hospício Nossa Senhora da Luz, uma instituição filantrópica. Somente em 1954 o primeiro hospital público, o Hospital Colônia Adauto Botelho, começou a funcionar. Na década de 1960, a partir de convênios entre o governo estadual e hospitais privados para a instalação de leitos no interior, o processo de assistência psiquiátrica foi acelerado, assumindo uma perspectiva de privatização. Tal estratégia ensejou a configuração atual dessa assistência no estado, na qual o hospital especializado viceja, a despeito da existência de outros equipamentos preconizados pelas leis da reforma psiquiátrica.

Abstract The article discusses different psychiatric assistance arrangements in Paraná from the earliest years through today, taking into account the state’s unique features and relations with national policies. This assistance was first provided in 1903, when the Hospício Nossa Senhora da Luz philanthropic asylum was founded. It was only in 1954 that Hospital Colônia Adauto Botelho, the state’s first public hospital, began operations. In the 1960s, the Paraná government signed agreements with private hospitals for more beds in the interior, accelerating the provision of psychiatric assistance and fostering a privatization approach. This strategy led to the current situation in Paraná, where specialized hospitals are the rule, despite the existence of other facilities foreseen under the psychiatric reform legislation.

[Four stages in the history of the Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI of the IMSS]. / Cuatro etapas en la historia del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI del IMSS.

This document presents four stages in the history of the Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (Centro Médico Nacional XXI Century) of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. The first stage started at the end of the third decade of the twentieth century and ended in 1961, it corresponded to the conception, planning and construction of what was to be the Centro Médico del Distrito Federal (Centro Médico of the Distrito Federal) belonging to the Secretaría de Salubridad y Asistencia (Ministry of Health and Assistance). The second stage began when the Center was acquired by the Institute, then was known like Centro Médico Nacional (Centro Médico Nacional ), being put into full operation in 1963, more than twenty-two years later, in 1985, an earthquake virtually ended it, immediately began its reconstruction, finishing the second stage. In 1989 began the third stage, different and new buildings complemented or replaced the structures damaged or destroyed by the earthquake which formed the now Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (Centro Médico Nacional XXI Century). In 2004 the fourth stage opened when the four hospitals of the Center were categorized like Unidades Médicas de Alta Especialidad (High Specialized Medical Units).

En este documento se presenta en cuatro etapas la historia del hoy Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI del IMSS. La primera etapa se inició a fines de los años treinta del siglo XX y terminó en 1961, correspondió a la concepción, planeación y construcción de lo que iba a ser el Centro Médico del Distrito Federal que pertenecía a la Secretaría de Salubridad y Asistencia. La segunda etapa inició cuando el Centro fue adquirido por el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, conociéndose como Centro Médico Nacional, el cual fue puesto en funcionamiento completamente en 1963; más de veintidós años después, en 1985, un sismo prácticamente lo acabó, aunque de inmediato se inició su reconstrucción, la cual terminó en 1989, año en que comenzó la tercera etapa. Fue entonces cuando diferentes y nuevas construcciones complementaron o sustituyeron a las edificaciones dañadas o destruidas por el temblor, que son las que hasta el día de hoy conforman el Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. En el año 2004 se abrió la cuarta etapa, al categorizarse a los cuatro hospitales que configuran el Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI como Unidades Médicas de Alta Especialidad (UMAE).

The History of the Bellevue Hospital Chest Service (1903-2015).

For more than 100 years, the Bellevue Hospital Chest Service in New York City has contributed major advances in our understanding of pulmonary disease. Research from the cardiopulmonary laboratory of the Chest Service by Drs. Cournand and Richards resulted in the shared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1956 for the development of human cardiac catheterization. In more recent years, continuing its mission to serve the underserved and respond to health crises, the Bellevue Chest Service has served as a leader in the management of HIV infections, multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis epidemics, early detection of lung cancer, and management of urban asthma. Members of the Chest Service founded the World Trade Center Environmental Health Center shortly after collapse of the towers in 2001. The Chest Service became New York's infectious isolation unit caring for the first patient in New York infected with Ebola virus. Recent research has focused on disease management, with the first in-house Directly Observed Therapy Clinic for treatment of tuberculosis, clinical trials of aerosolized IFN-γ, and translational research on host defense against tuberculosis infection. Studies of the airway mucosa have revealed mechanisms by which ambient pollutants promote asthma. Studies on the World Trade Center firefighters and community populations have promoted understanding of systemic inflammation and small airways function. Today, the partnership between a public hospital and an academic institution promotes the synergy that leads to cost-effective and state-of-the art care for an underserved population as well as cutting-edge training and research.